To date, studies on the effect of red-backed salamanders on ecosystem functions have primarily been limited to litter decomposition and remain equivocal , . The animals breathe through their skins, and the lining of the roof of the mouth. maximum length of 5 inches (12.7 cm) (see Klemens 1992). [4] Additional color anomalies of this species also exist, including iridistic, albino, leucistic, amelanistic, and melanistic anomalies. Range. As its name suggests, it has a relatively small head and a short, narrow snout. Fall—with it’s rainy weather—is prime time for red-backed salamanders. Animals Red-backed salamander habitat is rather pervasive, and they are common in most of their range. Plethodon cinereus ranges from the Canadian Maritime provinces and southern Quebec, west to northeastern Minnesota, and south to northern and eastern North Carolina. Also, the Coeur d’Alène Salamander only occurs in the western portion of BC and its range does not overlap with that of the Western Red-backed Salamander. Coastal Giant Salmander … It is also known as the redback salamander,[3] eastern red-backed salamander,[3] or the northern red-backed salamander to distinguish it from the southern red-backed salamander (Plethodon serratus). The underside of the red-backed salamander has extensive black and white mottling. They prefer cold, clear streams and are also found in wooded areas under rocks, bark and leaf litter. Recent work showed range overlap between these species is greater than previously thought, requiring investigation of species morphology, behavior, and demographic measures in single-species and co-occurrence zones that might facilitate such overlap. Pennsylvania. [11] Sperm or spermatophores are not retained following the oviposition period. There is no aquatic larval stage. phase. We examined the effects of red-backed salamander removal on a variety of ecosystem functions and on a spatial scale an order of magnitude larger than their home range. This dataset represents a species known range extent for Eastern Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) within the conterminous United States (CONUS) based on 2001 ground conditions. but 2 distinct color morphs are known: the red-back and the lead-back This part of the world is still host to the vast majority of plethodontids, though some, like the red-backed salamander, range far beyond their ancestral home. [8] This may be a consequence of a higher predation risk experienced in the wild by the lead-backed phase, and may also mean lead-phase salamanders could be more vulnerable in captivity settings. It has a long tail. Klemens, M.W. [10], As in many Plethodon species, female red-backed salamanders have the ability to store sperm as spermatophore, and have been evidenced in doing so up to eight months prior to the oviposition period in June and July. It is three to four inches in length and has 16 coastal groove s (vertical grooves.) Juveniles are very small. The western red-backed salamander can be found from British Columbia south to southern Oregon. With a native range spanning Tennessee to Canada, estimates put the total population of this species in the millions, yet chances are you’ve never seen a single one. The red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus) is a species of small, hardy woodland salamander in the family Plethodontidae. Females lay eggs every other year. Larvae are brown with a large … Description: A small, slender salamander (2.5 to 4.0 inches in length) with two color morphs, striped and lead-backed. The Western Red Back Salamander can be found all over the pacific northwest from BC south to Southern Oregon. They are absent from the San Juan Islands (Hallock and McAllister 2005). A small, slender salamander with a The belly has a "salt and pepper" look. The Southern Red Backed salamander occurs in the Blue Ridge Mountains south of the French Broad River, while the identical Eastern Red-backed Salamander occurs north of the French Broad River. This individual is from Pennsylvania. Collins. All three are slender and delicate salamanders about 4 inches long. Diet: Red-backed salamanders primarily dine on invertebrates, such as spiders, snails, ants, beetles, centipedes, earthworms, and insects. We conducted this study over 4 years to provide information on the effects of predator removal on the system beyond just the initial perturbation. [11], Data related to Plethodon cinereus at Wikispecies, Integrated Taxonomic Information System [Internet] 2012. The female often It is one of the most numerous salamanders throughout its range. the red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus, Green, 1818), territoriality is prevalent in Virginia, near the southern extent of its range, but few studies have examined whether northern populations exhibit territorial behaviour. The Shenandoah salamander (Plethodon shenandoah) is a small, terrestrial salamander found exclusively in Shenandoah National Park in Virginia. [4] All rights reserved. Feeds mainly on termites, ants and other small invertebrates. The "lead-back" is all gray-black in colour, and is most common in evergreen and mixed woods. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All lungless salamanders possess a pair of nasolabial grooves, and each groove extends from the upper lip to a nostril. The red-backed salamander is a small terrestrial salamander, 5.7–10.0 cm (2.2–3.9 in) in total length (including tail), which usually lives in forested areas under rocks, logs, bark, and other debris. (Amphibiaweb 2011). 1991. Scientific Name: Plethodon cinereus. The species inhabits wooded slopes in eastern North America, west to Missouri, south to North Carolina, and north from southern Quebec and the Maritime provinces in Canada to Minnesota. 1993. Juvenile red-backed salamanders are … Photo by Jonathan Hakim. Densities of red-backed salamanders have been estimated as 500 to 9000 per hectare of woodland! Size. [4] It is one of the most numerous salamanders throughout its range. Hartford, CT: State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut Bulletin 112. In some areas with good habitat, these salamanders are so numerous, their population densities may surpass 1,000 individuals per acre (2,471 individuals per hectare). It is one of the most numerous salamanders throughout its range. Southern red-backed salamanders occur in four disjunct populations in the southern United States. Eastern Red-backed Salamanders usually have a reddish-brown back with darker sides. The Shenandoah salamander inhabits a very small range of land on just three mountain peaks. [8], Plethodon cinereus, like many plethodon species, exhibit homing behavior, with homing of females to their nests, as well as non-attending females and males to a home range. Females produce from four to 17 eggs in a year. State of Michigan List: no special status They must live in a wet environment to keep their skin damp enough to breathe. Geographic Range. The unstriped morph is brown on the back and may have a variable amount of red spotting on the back and sides. Status. [4] It is one of the most numerous salamanders throughout its range. There are two color variations in this animal: the red-backed has a straight, rust-colored stripe down the back and tail (stripe may be orange, yellow or light gray) while the lead-back has a black or brown appearance on the back. Native Habitat. Not specifically protected. It is one of 56 species in the genus Plethodon. can, in fact, be found under the same log. of 4 to 12 soft eggs are laid under logs or rocks. Due to the small habitat range, interspecies competition, and climate change, the population of the Shenandoah salamander is vulnerable to extinction. The red-backed salamander is a small terrestrial salamander, 5.7–10.0 cm (2.2–3.9 in) in total length (including tail), which usually lives in forested areas under rocks, logs, bark, and other debris. Coloration varies widely, These ranges are: the Salem Plateau of southeast Missouri, the Ouachita Mountains of extreme southeast Oklahoma and west-central Arkansas, the Piedmont Plateau and Blue Ridge Mountains of northwest Georgia and nearby portions of extreme eastern Alabama, eastern Tennessee, … This salamander can be found under rocks and fallen wood, along stream banks, and in well shaded, damp forests. The Eastern Backed salamander occurs in the northeast corner of TN, while the identical Southern Red-backed Salamander occurs in southeast corner of TN. Robert has taught courses in general biology, genetics, evolution, and biostatistics. Distinguishing Traits: The southern red-backed salamander is often confused with the Ozark zigzag salamander, but there are a number of distinguishing characteristics to tell the two apart. The Northern Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus fuscus) is much more robust and generally brownish in coloration with a light line running from its eyes to its jaw. The "red-back" is gray-black with a red to orange stripe down the back and tail and is found in all damp forests. Coastal Giant Salamanders, Northwestern Salamanders, and Tiger Salamanders have neotenic life stages, which retain gills and remain aquatic throughout their life after reaching sexual maturity. Western Red Back Salamander, Vancouver Island, BC, Photo By Bud Logan. This salamander can be found under rocks and fallen wood, along stream banks and in well shaded, damp forests. The red-backed salamander catches its prey by using its long, strong tongue to capture it, much like a frog does. The red-backed salamander is a small terrestrial salamander, 5.7–10.0 cm (2.2–3.9 in) in total length (including tail), which usually lives in forested areas under rocks, logs, bark, and other debris. No range retractions of eastern red-backed salamanders have been reported, but local extirpations have been due to habitat changes, chiefly deforestation, and other, unknown causes (see Highton, 2003). During the summer, these salamanders become difficult to find as they become inactive or move to subsurface retreats. Red-backed Salamander The lead-back phase of the red-backed salamander. [5], The skin of red-backed salamanders was found to contain Lysobacter gummosus, an epibiotic bacterium that produces the chemical 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and inhibits the growth of certain pathogenic fungi. Also, when the salamander is in the red-backed phase, the back may not always be red. Distinguishing Traits: The southern red-backed salamander is often confused with the Ozark zigzag salamander, but there are a number of distinguishing characteristics to tell the two apart. Jason M. Townsend, Charles T. Driscoll, Red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus) as a bioindicator of mercury in terrestrial forests of the northeastern United States, Ecological Indicators, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.04.017, 34, (168-171), (2013). Red-backed salamander in its habitat. Widespread throughout the northeastern United States. The other two similarly-shaped salamanders in Vermont are the Four-toed and the Northern Two-lined Salamanders. Not specifically protected. Factors related to amphibian occurrence and abundance in headwater streams draining second-growth Douglas-fir forests in southwestern Washington Red-backed salamanders are found in deciduous forests throughout their range. slender and the legs are small to the point that, at first glance, the Description: A small, slender salamander (2.5 to 4.0 inches in length) with two color morphs, striped and lead-backed. Southern red-backed salamanders occur in four disjunct populations in the southern United States. They are most often found in forested areas where the substrate is at least moderately moist. Meet the red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus). Plethodon cinereus ranges from the Canadian Maritime provinces and southern Quebec, west to northeastern Minnesota, and south to northern and eastern North Carolina. Select from premium Red Backed Salamander of the highest quality. Eastern red-backed salamanders can evade predators by dropping all or part of their tail in the event of an attack. Salamanders. One salamander has a home range of only a few square metres, so many—up to 2,500 per square hectare—can pack themselves into even a small portion of a cottage-country forest. Though salamanders contrib-ute to several forest ecosystem functions, little is known about their climatic niche and future distribution. [4] The red-backed salamander exhibits color polymorphism and two color variations are common: the "red-backed" or "red-stripe" variety has a red dorsal stripe that tapers towards the tail, and the darker variety, known as the "lead-backed" (or simply "lead") phase, lacks most or all of the red pigmentation. They are absent from coastal plains south of Virginia and the Florida peninsula. guards the eggs until hatching; there is direct development of the The Coeur d’Alène Salamander has an uneven-edged stripe, 14 costal groves, large parotid glands, a heavier body and larger limbs. [4] Both morphs have speckled black and white bellies. In the future, however, they could be effected by high levels of soil acidity through human-induced factors such as …

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